Designation: C 1240 – 00e1
Standard Specification for
Use of Silica Fume as a Mineral Admixture in Hydraulic-
Cement Concrete, Mortar, and Grout1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 1240; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
e1 NOTE—Manufacturer addresses in Note 3 were editorially updated July 2000.
1. Scope
1.1 This specification covers silica fume for use in concrete
and other systems containing hydraulic cement.
1.2 In the cases of slurried or densified silica fume, perform
the tests on the raw silica fume from which these products have
been made.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
only.
1.4 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the
test methods portions, Sections 10-19, of this specification:
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety
concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and
health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use. Read the material safety data sheets for
materials used.
1.5 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes
that provide explanatory information. These notes and footnotes
(excluding those in tables) shall not be considered as
requirements of this standard.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C 109/C 109M Test Method for Compressive Strength of
Hydraulic Cement Mortars (Using 2-in. or 50-mm Cube
Specimens)2
C 114 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Hydraulic
Cement2
C 125 Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete
Aggregates3
C 157 Test Method for Length Change of Hardened
Hydraulic-Cement Mortar and Concrete3
C 183 Practice for Sampling and the Amount of Testing of
Hydraulic Cement2
C 185 Test Method for Air Content of Hydraulic Cement
Mortar2
C 219 Terminology Relating to Hydraulic Cement2
C 311 Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Fly Ash or
Natural Pozzolans for Use as a Mineral Admixture in
Portland-Cement Concrete3
C 430 Test Method for Fineness of Hydraulic Cement by
the 45-μm (No. 325) Sieve2
C 441 Test Method for Effectiveness of Mineral Admixtures
or Ground Blast-Furnace Slag in Preventing Excessive
Expansion of Concrete Due to the Alkali-Silica Reaction3
C 670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statements
for Test Methods for Construction Materials3
C 1005 Specification for Reference Masses and Devices for
Determining Mass for Use in the Physical Testing of
Hydraulic Cements2
C 1012 Test Method for Length Change of Hydraulic-
Cement Mortars Exposed to a Sulfate Solution2
C 1069 Test Method for Specific Surface Area of Alumina
or Quartz by Nitrogen Adsorption4
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 silica fume—very fine pozzolonic material, composed
mostly of amorphous silica produced by electric arc furnaces as
a byproduct of the production of elemental silicon or ferrosilicon
alloys (also known as condensed silica fume and
microsilica).
3.1.2 Other terms in this specification are defined in Terminologies
C 125 and C 219.
4. Ordering Information
4.1 The purchaser shall specify any optional chemical or
physical requirements.
5. Chemical Composition
5.1 Silica fume shall conform to the requirements for
1 This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C–9 on
Concrete and Concrete Aggregates and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
C09.24 on Ground Slag and Pozzolonic Admixtures.
Current edition approved Feb. 10, 2000. Published March 2000. Originally
published as C 1240 – 93. Last previous edition C 1240 – 99.
2 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.01.
3 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.02. 4 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.02.
1
Copyright . ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
chemical composition prescribed in Table 1.
6. Physical Requirements
6.1 Silica fume shall conform to the physical requirements
prescribed in Table 2. Optional physical requirements are given
in Table 3.
7. Sampling
7.1 When the purchaser desires that the silica fume be
sampled and tested to verify compliance with this specification,
perform the sampling and testing in accordance with Practice
C 183, modified as described in 7.3.
NOTE 1—Exercise caution in the interpretation of Practice C 183, since
there is a difference between the continuous manufacture of hydraulic
cement and the generation and collection of silica fume. To a great extent,
storage is dictated by the design of the silica-fume collection system. The
design of silica-fume collection systems may not have provided for
sampling points and practices.
7.2 Practice C 183, as modified, is not designed for manufacturing
quality control and is not required for manufacturer’s
certification.
7.3 The following modification of Practice C 183 is necessary
to render it applicable to silica fume.
7.3.1 Replace the words “hydraulic cement” and “cement”
with the words “silica fume” every time that they appear in the
text.
7.3.2 All samples, whether grab or composite, shall have a
mass of at least 1 kg (2 lb).
7.3.3 When compliance verification tests of silica fume are
required to be made at a laboratory other than that of the
silica-fume manufacturer or marketer, coordinate the silicafume
sampling schedule, sample transportation time, and
sample testing schedule among the purchaser, manufacturer,
and testing laboratory so that the test results will be available
when the decision to accept or reject the silica fume must be
made.
7.3.4 The section entitled “Sampling” is modified as follows:
7.3.4.1 Take two grab samples or two composite samples
for the first 100 Mg (110 tons) of silica fume. Take a grab
sample or a composite sample for each subsequent 100 Mg
(110 tons) of silica fume, but not less than two samples shall be
taken in any sampling program.
7.3.4.2 From Bulk Storage at Points of Discharge—
Withdraw silica fume from the discharge openings in a steady
stream until sampling is completed. In sampling bulk storage at
points of discharge, while the silica fume is flowing through the
openings, take samples at such intervals so that, at a minimum,
the sampling requirements of 7.3.4.1 are met.
7.3.5 The section entitled “Amount of Testing” is modified
by deleting the first paragraph, “General.”
8. Frequency of Tests
8.1 Make all chemical determinations and physical tests on
composite samples representing no more than 400 Mg (440
tons) each. Prepare each composite sample by combining
portions from the samples representing each 100 Mg (110
tons), so that each 100 Mg is represented equally.
8.2 Test Specific Surface Samples every 3000 Mg (3300
tons) or 3 months, whichever gives the highest frequency.
9. Preparation of Sample
9.1 Prepare composite samples for tests, as required in
Section 8, by arranging all test samples in groups, with each
group representing the number of megagrams required by the
test or tests for which the composite sample is intended. From
each of the samples in a group, take equal portions, sufficient
in amount to form a composite sample large enough to permit
making the required physical or chemical determinations.
9.2 Prior to testing, mix grab samples and composite
samples thoroughly. A clean and dry laboratory concrete drum
mixer provides adequate mixing for this purpose. Take care to
limit the volume of silica fume in the drum mixer to the range
of 10 to 50 % of the drum’s total capacity. If necessary, secure
a sheet of polyethylene film on the drum with an elastic
tiedown to keep the material in the drum. Limit the mixing
action to 5 6 1 min.
9.2.1 When a small sample size precludes the use of a
concrete mixer, use a heavy plastic bag, of a capacity at least
five times larger than the sample volume, to mix the sample
thoroughly. After placing the sample in the bag, close the bag
TABLE 1 Chemical Requirements
SiO2, min, % 85.0
Moisture content, max, % 3.0
Loss on ignition, max, % 6.0
TABLE 2 Physical Requirements
Oversize:
Percent retained on 45-μm (No. 325), max, %A 10
Percent retained on 45-μm (No. 325), max variation from
average, percentage pointsB
5
Accelerated pozzolonic activity index:C
With portland cement at 7 days, min percent of control 85
Specific surface, min, m2/g 15
A Exercise care to avoid retaining agglomerations of extremely fine material.
B The average shall consist of the ten preceding tests or all of the preceding
tests if the number is less than ten.
C Accelerated pozzolonic activity index is not to be considered a measure of the
compressive strength of concrete containing the silica fume. This is a measure of
the reactivity of a given silica fume with a given cement and may vary with the
source of both the silica fume and the cement.
TABLE 3 Optional Physical RequirementsA
Uniformity requirements:
When air-entraining concrete is specified, the quantity of airentraining
agent required to produce air content of 18.0 vol %
of mortar shall not vary from the average established by the ten
preceding tests or by all preceding tests if less than ten, by
more than, %
20
Reactivity with cement alkalies:B
Reduction of mortar expansion at 14 days, min, % 80
Sulfate resistance expansion,C
(moderate resistance) 6 months, max, % 0.10
(high resistance) 6 months, max, % 0.05
(very high resistance) 1 year, max, % 0.05
A Will be made only at the request of the purchaser.
B The indicated tests for reactivity with cement alkalies shall not be requested
unless the material is to be used with an aggregate that is regarded as
deleteriously reactive with alkalies in hydraulic cement. The test for reduction of
mortar expansion may be made using any high-alkali cement in accordance with
Test Methods C 311, if the cement to be used in the work is not known or is not
available at the time of the test. The test for mortar expansion should be performed
by each of the high-alkali cements to be used in the work.
C Only one limit shall be specified.
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by tying the bag opening tightly, and mix the material by
rolling the bag around for 5 6 1 min.
9.3 Take material for specific tests from a thoroughly mixed
sample by using a sampling device (sampling tube, scoop, etc.)
of appropriate size to make a test specimen. Make this test
specimen from at least six random subsamples.
TEST METHODS—CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
10. Silicon Dioxide
10.1 Reference Method—Use the reference method in Test
Methods C 114 for cements with insoluble residue greater than
1 %.
11. Moisture Content, Loss on Ignition, and Available
Alkalies
11.1 Follow the applicable provisions of Test Methods
C 311.
TEST METHODS—PHYSICAL TESTS
12. Density
12.1 Equipment:
12.1.1 Two 500-mL Volumetric Flasks, Class A.
12.1.2 Balance, with an accuracy of at least 0.01 g.
12.1.3 Constant Temperature Bath, capable of being regulated
within 60.5°C (1.0°F).
12.2 Deionized Water.
12.3 Procedure:
12.3.1 Determine the density of the material as received,
unless otherwise specified, as follows. If density determination
on an ignited sample is required, first ignite the sample as
described in the test for loss on ignition in the applicable
section given in Test Methods C 114.
12.3.2 Determine the mass (Wf), of a 500-mL volumetric
flask, to an accuracy of 0.01 g. Add 30 g of silica fume.
Determine the mass of the flask and the contents (Wa) to the
nearest 0.01 g. Add water to the flask to fill it one-half full, and
shake it to ensure thorough wetting of the material. Fill to the
mark with water. Remove air bubbles by shaking the flask at
15-min intervals until the liquid is free of air or by applying a
vacuum to the flask. After all of the air bubbles are removed,
place the flask in a constant temperature bath at 23 6 0.5°C
until the flask and its contents reach a constant temperature.
Remove the flask from the water bath; immediately add or
remove water, at the same temperature, to the flask to get the
meniscus on the mark. Wipe dry the exterior of the flask and
determine the mass of the flask and its contents (Ws).
12.3.3 Empty, clean, and determine the mass of the 500-mL
volumetric flask, used above, filled to the mark with water (Wt)
stabilized at 23 6 0.5°C.
12.4 Calculation:
Dsf 5
~Wa 2 Wf!
500 mL 2 @~Ws 2 Wa!/Dw#
(1)
where:
Dsf 5 density of silica fume, Mg/m3,
Wf 5 mass of 500-mL volumetric flask, g,
Wa 5 mass of 500-mL volumetric flask plus approximately
30 g of silica fume, g,
Ws 5 mass of 500-mL volumetric flask plus silica fume
plus water to the mark, g,
Wt 5 mass of 500-mL volumetric flask plus water to the
mark, g, and
Dw 5 (Wt . Wf)/500-mL, Mg/m3.
12.5 Report the average of two density determinations.
13. Oversize, Amount Retained When Wet-Sieved on a
45-μm (No. 325) Sieve
13.1 Use Test Method C 430.
NOTE 2—Oversize is used to determine the amount of contaminating
material retained on the 45-μm sieve. See Appendix X2.
14. Specific Surface
14.1 Determine the specific surface by the BET, nitrogen
adsorbtion method, in accordance with Test Method C 1069.
NOTE 3—Manufacturers and examples of nitrogen adsorbtion instrumentation
include Horiba Instruments, Inc., Irvine, CA, 5A-9600; Micromeritics
Instrument Corporation, Norcross Georgia, FlowSorb-II 2300;
Quantachrome Corporation, Boynton Beach, FL, Quantasorb Jr.; and
JUWE Laborgerate Service GmbH, Korschenbroich, Germany, Stroehlein
AREAmeter II.
15. Air Entrainment of Mortar
15.1 Follow the applicable provisions of Test Methods
C 311, except use the following test mixture and equation for
Wc:
Test Mixture
Portland cement, g 300
Silica fume, g 30
20–30 Standard Ottawa sand, g 1170
Water, mL, sufficient to give a flow of 80 to 95 % Y
Neutralized Vinsol resin solution, mL, sufficient to produce an
air content of 18 6 3 %
Z
Wc 5
300 1 1170 1 30 1 ~300 3 P 3 0.01!
300/3.15 1 1170/2.65 1 ~30/D! 1 @~300 3 P 3 0.01!/1#
(2)
Then calculate:
Air content, volume % 5 100@1 2 ~Wa/Wc!#Wa 5 W/400 (3)
where:
Wa 5 actual mass per unit of volume of mortar as determined
by Test Method C 185, g/mL,
W 5 mass of the specified 400 mL of mortar (see Test
Method C 185), g,
Wc 5 theoretical mass per unit volume, calculated on an
air-free basis and using the values for density and
quantities of the materials in the mixture, g/mL,
P 5 percent of mixing water plus Vinsol resin solution
based on mass of cement, and
D 5 density of silica fume used in the mixture, Mg/m3.
15.2 Determine the flow in accordance with the applicable
provisions of Test Method C 109/C 109M.
16. Accelerated Pozzolonic Activity Index with Portland
Cement
16.1 Use the applicable section on strength activity index
with portland cement of Test Methods C 311, except change as
follows:
C 1240
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16.1.1 Control Mixture:
16.1.1.1 250 g of portland cement,
16.1.1.2 687.5 g of graded standard sand, and
16.1.1.3 121 mL of water.
16.1.2 Test Mixture:
16.1.2.1 225 g of portland cement,
16.1.2.2 25 g of silica fume,
16.1.2.3 687.5 g of graded standard sand, and
16.1.2.4 Y mL of water required for flow of 100 to 115 %.
16.1.3 Determine the flow in accordance with the applicable
provisions of Test Method C 109.
16.1.4 Storage of Specimens—After 24 h of initial curing in
the moist room (23 6 1.7°C and relative humidity of not less
than 95 %), place the cubes in airtight glass containers and
store at 65 6 1.7°C for six days.
16.1.5 Determine the compressive strength, as specified in
Test Method C 109/C 109M, of the three specimens of the
control mixture and the three specimens of the test mixture at
7 days after molding.
17. Reactivity with Cement Alkalies
17.1 Determine the reduction of mortar expansion in accordance
with Test Method C 441, except that the amount of silica
fume in the test mixture shall be 10 % by mass of cementitious
material.
18. Sulfate Resistance
18.1 Determine sulfate resistance according to Test Method
C 1012, except that the amount of silica fume used in the test
mixture is 10 % by mass of cementitious material.
19. Bulk Density
19.1 The bulk density of silica fume is defined as the mass
of a unit volume of loose silica fume.
19.2 This test method covers determination of the bulk
density of silica fume, as silica fume is transferred from one
container to another with controlled minimum compaction. Its
particular usefulness is in connection with identifying material
form (as produced or densified), silo or truck storage capacity,
material handling and transportation characteristics.
19.3 Equipment:
19.3.1 Balance, meeting Specification C 1005, with a sensitivity
of 0.1 g.
19.3.2 Vibrating Table5, Table top, electromagnetic vibrating
table, with a controlled low-amplitude that does not exceed
1 mm linear vibration. Approximate deck size is 175 3 250
mm with a 5 kg capacity. The amplitude of the vibration shall
be capable of being regulated to suit the characteristics of the
material being handled.
19.3.3 Stainless Steel Beaker, of known volume, not less
than 1 L calibrated to the nearest 61 mL. Without a spout.
19.4 Procedure:
19.4.1 Determine the mass of the clean dry beaker to the
nearest 1 g.
19.4.2 Fill the beaker with silica fume and compact by use
of the vibrating table at a mid-range setting for 15 s, adding
material as needed.
19.4.3 Screed or strike off the measure, with a straight edge
or spatula, to produce a flat, even surface, that is level with rim
or edge of the beaker.Wipe off any excess silica fume that may
adhere to the sides.
19.4.4 Place the filled measure on the balance and determine
the mass of the silica fume to the nearest 1 g.
19.5 Calculation:
19.5.1 Divide the net mass of the silica fume in grams by the
volume of the container in milliliters. Multiply by 1000 to
express the density in kilograms per cubic meter. To convert
the value in kilograms per cubic meter to pounds per cubic
foot, divide by 16.01846.
20. Report
20.1 Report the following information:
20.1.1 SiO2 content, %,
20.1.2 Moisture content, %,
20.1.3 Loss on ignition, %,
20.1.4 Oversize, %,
20.1.5 Bulk density, kg/m3,
20.1.6 Density, Mg/m3,
20.1.7 Name of manufacturer and brand, if applicable, and
20.1.8 Accelerated Pozzolonic Activity Index.
20.1.9 Specific surface, m2/g.
20.1.10 Available alkalies, as equivalent Na2O, %.
20.2 Report the following information when specifically
requested by the purchaser:
20.2.1 The quantity of air-entraining agent compared to the
10 preceding tests, %,
20.2.2 Reduction of mortar expansion, %, and
20.2.3 Sulfate resistance expansion, %.
21. Precision and Bias
21.1 Precision:
21.1.1 Accelerated Pozzolonic Activity Index Test:
21.1.1.1 Single-Operator Precision—The single-operator
standard deviation among single test results (a test result is
defined in this specification as the average of two separate
measurements) has been found to be 5.7 %.6 Therefore, results
of two properly conducted tests by the same operator should
not differ by more than 16.3 %.6
21.1.1.2 Multilaboratory Precision—The multilaboratory
standard deviation among single test results (a test result is
defined in this specification as the average of two separate
measurements) has been found to be 7.5 %.6 Therefore, results
of two properly conducted tests in different laboratories on the
same silica fume and cement should not differ by more than
21.3 %.6
21.1.2 Density Test:
21.1.2.1 Single-Operator Precision—The single-operator
standard deviation among single test results (a test result is
defined in this specification as the average of two separate
measurements) has been found to be 0.035 Mg/m3.6 Therefore,
results of two properly conducted tests by the same operator
should not differ by more than 0.099 Mg/m36 on the same silica
fume.
5 A suitable vibrating table is the Syntron Paper Jogger, Model J-1, manufactured
by F.M.C. Corp., 57 Cooper Ave., Homer City, PA 15748.
6 These measurements represent, respectively, the (1s) and (d2s) limits in
accordance with Practice C 670.
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21.1.2.2 Multilaboratory Precision—The multilaboratory
standard deviation among single test results (a test result is
defined in this specification as the average of two separate
measurements) has been found to be 0.047 Mg/m3.6 Therefore,
results of two properly conducted tests in different laboratories
on the same silica fume should not differ by more than 0.132
Mg/m3 of their average.6
21.1.3 Bulk Density:
21.1.3.1 Precision—The precision of this test method will
be evaluated using Practice C 670.
21.1.3.2 Bias—Since there is no accepted reference material
suitable for determining any bias that might be associated with
this test method, no statement on bias is being made.
21.2 Bias—Since there is no accepted reference material
suitable for determining the bias for the procedures for
measuring the accelerated pozzolonic activity index and the
density, no statement on bias is being made.
22. Rejection and Retesting
22.1 The purchaser has the right to reject material that fails
to conform to the requirements of this specification. Rejection
shall be reported to the producer or supplier promptly and in
writing. In case of dissatisfaction with the results of the tests,
the producer or supplier is not prohibited from making a claim
for retesting.
23. Certification
23.1 When specified in the purchase order or contract, the
purchaser shall be furnished certification that samples have
been tested as directed in this specification and the specified
requirements have been met. When specified in the purchase
order or contract, a report of the test results shall be furnished.
24. Packaging and Package Marking
24.1 When silica fume is delivered in packages, the name,
and brand, if applicable, of the manufacturer or distributor and
the mass of the silica fume contained therein shall be marked
plainly on each package. Similar information shall be provided
in the shipping invoices accompanying the shipment of packaged
or bulk silica fume in dry or slurried forms. All packages
shall be in good condition at the time of inspection.
25. Storage and Inspection
25.1 Silica fume shall be stored in such a manner as to
permit easy access for the proper inspection and identification
of each shipment. Facilities for inspection and sampling shall
be provided at the point from which the material is to be
shipped.
APPENDIXES
(Nonmandatory Information)
X1. SILICA CONTENT
X1.1 Since the quantity of silica in the amorphous state is
one of the primary characteristics that determines the amount
of activity of silica fume, the chemical analysis for silica
content is important. At the present time, there are no National
Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) SRMs of silica
fume, and reference silicon dioxides (SiO2) are therefore the
only materials available for instrumental standards. Since silica
in this specification is limited to 85 % SiO2 or higher, silica
flour (99.9 %), or silica brick (93.94 %), etc. is adequate for
flame atomic absorption (AA) analysis. At the present time,
there are problems using inductively coupled plasma (ICP) for
the analysis of solutions with high percentages of silica as well
as problems with borate clogging the nebulizer. Another
problem is that when a lithium borate fusion is dissolved in
HCl, some of the silica returns to a solid phase and can be
filtered out. This will affect the total silica analysis by any
instrumental method that uses this method of fusion. Energy
dispersive X-ray (EDX) is the technique most likely to be used
with the X-ray based methods. This technique needs a similar
material, a silica fume, for comparison. The “wet method,”
sodium carbonate fusion, in which silica is recovered gravimetrically
as SiO2, is the only method, at the present, that
requires no standard and yields accurate results.
X2. OVERSIZE
X2.1 The 45-μm (No. 325) sieve specification is to be used
to determine the amount of foreign material present. Since
silica fume is much finer than cement or fly ash, the particles
will all pass through the sieve except for foreign material.
Extremely fine materials tend to form agglomerations; good
judgment must be exercised to differentiate between easily
dispersible agglomerates and foreign materials.
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X3. PROBLEM OF MIXTURE PROPORTIONING FOR VARIOUS TEST MIXTURES
X3.1 Such test methods as accelerated pozzolonic activity
index with portland cement, reactivity with cement alkalies,
and sulfate resistance require mixtures where the silica fume
being tested replaces a given amount of cement. For specification
purposes, 10 % by mass replacement of cement by silica
fume will be used rather than that which is stated in the present
methods. Water-to-cementitious materials ratio will be replaced
by a flow of between 100 and 115 %. As the percent
replacement with silica fume increases, the mixture becomes
unworkable, and either more water is necessary or a water
reducer is necessary to have a workable mixture. By limiting
the mixtures to 10 % by mass replacement, the addition of
water to a certain flow is a viable alternative, even though the
addition of water reducer would probably produce a higher
strength. Since this is a specification, the interest is in comparing
material under similar conditions, rather than in maximum
strength.
X4. SULFATE RESISTANCE
X4.1 Satisfactory reductions of expansion in laboratory
mixtures have been obtained with silica fume replacement
levels of 5 to 15 %. Each source of silica fume must be tested
with high-C3A portland cement to establish appropriate replacement
levels for adequate sulfate resistance.
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